![]() ![]() ![]() Map of monarchies and republics in Europe, 1648īy the 17th century, monarchy was challenged by evolving parliamentarism e.g. In antiquity, some monarchies were abolished in favour of such assemblies in Rome ( Roman Republic, 509 BCE), and Athens ( Athenian democracy, 500 BCE). The 4th-century BCE Hindu text Arthasastra laid out the ethics of monarchism. Polybius originally understood monarchy as a component of republics, but since antiquity monarchy has contrasted with forms of republic, where executive power is wielded by free citizens and their assemblies. The monarch in classical antiquity is often identified as " king" or "ruler" (translating archon, basileus, rex, tyrannos, etc.) or as " queen" ( basilinna). Polybius identified monarchy as one of three "benign" basic forms of government (monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy), opposed to the three "malignant" basic forms of government ( tyranny, oligarchy, and ochlocracy). With the Egyptian, Indian, Mesopotamian, Sudanic, reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion, and others, the monarch held sacral functions directly connected to sacrifice and was sometimes identified with having divine ancestry, possibly establishing a notion of the divine right of kings. 2600 BCE.įrom earliest records, monarchs could be directly hereditary, while others were elected from among eligible members. ![]() 3100 BCE, and Enmebaragesi, a Sumerian King of Kish c. Some of the oldest recorded and evidenced monarchies were Narmer, Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt c. In some parts of the world, chiefdoms became monarchies. Chiefdoms provided the concept of state formation, which started with civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley civilization. The similar form of societal hierarchy known as chiefdom or tribal kingship is prehistoric. History The Weld-Blundell Prism, inscribed with the Sumerian King List In current usage the word monarchy usually refers to a traditional system of hereditary rule, as elective monarchies are quite rare. It referred to a single at least nominally absolute ruler. The word "monarch" (Late Latin: monarchia) comes from the Ancient Greek word μονάρχης ( monárkhēs), derived from μόνος ( mónos, "one, single") and ἄρχω ( árkhō, "to rule"): compare ἄρχων ( árkhōn, "ruler, chief"). Most of the modern monarchies tend to be constitutional monarchies, retaining under a constitution unique legal and ceremonial roles for the monarch, exercising limited or no political power, similar to heads of state in a parliamentary republic.įurther information: King (title), Rex (title), and Realm Other than that, there is a range of sub-national monarchical entities. Today forty-three sovereign nations in the world have a monarch, including fifteen Commonwealth realms that share King Charles III as their head of state. Monarchies were the most common form of government until the 20th century, by which time republics had replaced many monarchies. Monarchies can form federations, personal unions and realms with vassals through personal association with the monarch, which is a common reason for monarchs carrying several titles. Monarchs can carry various titles such as emperor, empress, king, and queen. diet and court), giving many monarchies oligarchic elements. Aristocrats, though not inherent to monarchies, often serve as the pool of persons to draw the monarch from and fill the constituting institutions (e.g. However, elective and self-proclaimed monarchies have also been established throughout history. The succession of monarchs in many cases has been hereditical, often building dynastic periods. The political legitimacy and authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic ( constitutional monarchy), to fully autocratic ( absolute monarchy), and can span across executive, legislative, and judicial domains. A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. ![]()
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